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How To Develop E6 Film

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Category: Blog
Published: Sunday, 24 March 2013 18:21
Written by Tim Walls
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This is a short guide written to explain how to develop CR46 or E6 colour slide film yourself 'in the kitchen.' Commercial slide processing is not only hard to find these days (most high street photo shops will have to send it away if they handle it at all,) but also expensive.

By processing yourself, you can save considerable money, as well as having the immense satisfaction of knowing the whole process, from taking the photograph to projecting (or scanning) the slide, was in your control.

However, there is a myth that E6 (or colour processing in general) is 'too hard' to DIY. I hope this guide demonstrates that isn't true; it may be slightly more tricky than B&W in some respects, but equally in some ways it is easier.

Who is this for?

I had a little difficulty 'pitching' this at the right level. On the one hand, there are many, many guides to black & white processing on the Internet, far better written than anything I can put together. Equally, I didn't want to completely leave out the basics.

So, with that said, experienced black & white home-developers will probably be able to skip much of this. If you've never processed any kind of film before though, I hope this will give you a general overview of the process - but I would strongly recommend you start first with black & white processing before you start E6.

Of course, you're welcome to ignore that advice. Fortune favours the brave, and B&W experience certainly isn't required. You will find the inevitable mistakes you make are a lot cheaper with B&W though!

Oh, one other thing - I'm dealing with 35mm ('135') film here. If you shoot a different format, the general principles are the same, but there will be differences in the detail!

What you need to start

Developing Equipment

If you already process black & white, you will already have most of the equipment you need; it's worth checking all of it will be suitable for colour work, however. The basic bits are:

Developing Tank & Reel
The developing tank is a light-proof tank with a spout allowing you to pour chemicals into/out of the tank. This means you can do most of the developing in daylight. The film reel - which may come with the tank or can be bought separately - is a spiral onto which the film to be developed is loaded. The film is put on the spiral in complete darkness, and then placed in the tank. Once the lid of the tank is sealed, you can work in daylight.
Can Opener
To remove the lid from the can of film. You can buy specialist photographic can openers (shown in the picture,) or an ordinary 'crown top' bottle opener may do the trick.
Scissors
These are self explanatory I hope!
Timer/Stopwatch
Timing is critical - you'll need to be able to measure how long the film has been in the various chemicals, with an accuracy of about a second. I use the stopwatch on my mobile phone; any stopwatch or clock where you can clearly count seconds will do.
Darkness
You will need somewhere completely dark to load the exposed film into the developing tank. This can either be a 'darkroom' (any room where you can completely block any light,) or you can use a changing bag. This is a black bag (usually double-lined) into which you can put the developing tank and film. The bag (double) zips up, and you put your hands into the bag through two elasticated 'armholes.'

 

Important note on Tanks/Reels. Not all tanks are suitable for colour work. Stainless Steel tanks are considered ideal, because the metal conducts heat well and so makes it easier to regulate the temperature of development. It is possible to use a plastic tank and spiral (I do) however, with one important caveat: Certain types of plastic can absorb permanently the colour developer chemicals. This means when you develop the next roll of film, the first developer will be contaminated, leading to incorrect film development. Check with your tank manufacturer - Paterson Super System 4 tanks are made with plastics/resins which resist the colour chemistry, and are suitable.

Temperature Control

The biggest difference between black & white and colour development is that temperature is critical for colour development. Developing at incorrect temperatures will lead to colour casts on your developed slides.

Temperature control needn't be too hard, however. The easiest way to control temperature is to immerse your chemicals and developing equipment in a bath of water at the required temperature (38 Celsius for E6.) I use a large plastic storage tub which you can get from any stationery or homeware supplier.

Bitter experience has taught me that your bottles and developing tank will float around in the tank if not secured! So, I cut small holes in the side of the tank and ran lengths of wire along the tank to create 'swimming lanes' which stop the chemistry bottles floating away (or more importantly, tipping over.) A similar arrangement of wires in one corner holds down the developing tank.

The last question is 'how do I keep the water in the tank at the right temperature'? I use a submerged water heater bought from Nova Darkroom; this is a thermostatically controlled heater similar to an aquarium heater. In fact, you may find you can use a suitable aquarium heater - provided it can be set to the right temperature. As a last resort, you can try to get the temperature right by pouring hot and cold water into the tank until you reach the right temperature, and then maintain the temperature by topping up with warm water as necessary.

Oh, and of course, you'll need a thermometer! If you have a black & white development thermometer, it probably won't be suitable - you'll need a thermometer which clearly shows 38 Celsius and allows you to keep the temperature accurate to +/- half a Celsius.

Chemistry

The needed chemicals are one area where E6 development is in fact easier than black & white. B&W gives you plenty of choice (and creativity) - different developers have different effects, people will argue forever about the merits of hardening versus non hardening fixers, or whether you need to use hypo clearing agent, and so on.

All this is irrelevant with colour. The process is fixed, and all the chemicals are matched. You will therefore be able to buy a kit containing all the chemicals you need (except water) in one box.

The kit I use (pictured) is from Tetenal. This is a '3 bath' kit. The E6 process normally requires six chemical baths; however, some of these steps can be combined into a single bath. The most obvious example is bleach/fix - instead of a separate bleach followed by fix, the 3-bath version of E6 uses a single bath in 'BLIX' - combined bleach & fix.

The chemicals in the kit will mix to make 3 working solutions - First Developer, Colour Developer, and BLIX. In addition, some kits (Tetenal's included) will also come with a final 'Stabilizer' bath; as far as I can tell (!), this is a combination of hypo clearing agent and rinse-aid, which allows you to shorten the final wash. It's probably optional, but if your kit comes with it you should use it!

You will need 4 suitable bottles for storing your working solutions of chemicals - first developer, colour developer, BLIX, and the stabilizer. Make sure you label the bottles and the lids clearly - the first developer can be contaminated by so much as a sniff (let alone a drop) of the colour developer; you don't want to accidentally swap bottle tops.

Washing

The final thing to note is that you will need to wash the film between each bath and as a final rinse. The temperature of the first rinse is critical, and needs to be held at 38 Celsius. The second bath is less critical, and the final rinse considerable less so.

I wash the tank out using running water. I have no special equipment for this, just a normal kitchen mixer tap. It's possible with a little practice to get the temperature of water from my tap to be exactly 38 C extremely consistently. There is a ban on flushing toilets or using the washing machine when I'm doing so, however - a sudden use of water somewhere else in the house can cause the temperature of water from the tap to dramatically change! Also, I make sure I have the water running for at least a couple of minutes before I need it, to ensure the temperature has stabilised.

If you're not lucky enough to have a mixer tap which is so good to you, you can instead prepare a jug of water at the appropriate temperature (if you put the jug in your controlled water bath, you can keep it that way,) and rinse with that water. You'll want to make sure you have enough to change the water in the tank at least a couple of times with each rinse, and you may wish to extend the time you rinse for.

Developing the Film

1. Be Prepared

Make sure you have everything prepared. Mix the kit of chemicals up according to the instructions provided with your kit; I mix enough to process one roll of film at a time (around 300ml - this will depend on the size of your tank.) The working solutions are reusable - I would expect to discard the solution after around 4 processing cycles - but will not keep for more than a week or two; so don't mix more than you need.

Fill your water bath - if you're using a heater turn it on, otherwise you will need to ensure you fill it with water at 38 C and maintain that temperature by topping up with warm water as required. Place the working solution bottles into the water to warm up with the water.

Ensure you have everything else you need to hand - film, developing tank and spiral, scissors, can opener, and a dark place - either a darkroom or a changing bag.

One other thing you may find useful to have is a towel! With lots of water sloshing around, you're bound to spill some, so it's handy to have something to wipe it up.

2. Load the Film into the Tank

This is the only really tricky part of the procedure, but once you've got the knack it is simple. The first time I tried this it took me an age, now I can perform the whole process in less than 30 seconds. The routine I'll describe here is for an 'auto loading' film reel, like the Paterson reels; check the instructions with your tank/reel to check the exact details for your equipment. Before trying this for the first time 'for real', practice in daylight using a spare roll of (unexposed) film which you can sacrifice.

These steps must be performed in complete darkness. Either use a changing bag, or a completely light-safe room.

First, use the can-opener to remove the lid of the film canister at the 'flat' end of the canister - opposite the end where the film spool pokes out. Remove the spool from the canister.

Next, use the scissors to cut the leader from the end of the roll of film, leaving a flat edge.

 

Now, take the spiral in one hand. Using the other hand, pull the end of the film onto the spiral (a pair of tabs will mark where the spiral starts,) and pull it approximately half way around the spiral.

 

 

You can now 'walk' the film onto the spiral - rotate the two halves of the spiral back and forth; as you do so, the film will be loaded onto the spiral. Continue until you reach the end of the film - the plastic spool will still be attached. Cut the spool off using the scissors.

 

Now place the spiral into the developing tank, place the lid/funnel onto the tank, and secure it according to the manufacturers instructions (Paterson tanks secure the lid by twisting it clockwise until it clicks.)

You can now turn on the lights! Or, if you are using a changing bag, take the tank out of the bag.

Place the tank into the water bath, and secure it appropriately to stop it floating around or tipping over.

3. Be Patient...

Wait, patiently. You want all the chemicals, as well as the tank, to reach the developing temperature of 38 Celsius. I literally allow a couple of hours for everything to reach equilibrium - this is an advantage of using a thermostatic water heater. In any event, you want to wait until the temperature of the first developer in the bottle has reached 38 C - keep checking with the thermometer. When doing so, remember that the first developer is very sensitive to contamination - don't open the first developer and colour developer bottles at the same time, and absolutely do not take the thermometer from the colour developer and dip it in the first developer!

4. Start Developing!

Pour the 'first developer' into the developing tank, and at the same time start your stopwatch. You will need to agitate the tank during processing - how you do this will depend on your tank. With the Paterson tank, I use the agitating stick to 'spin' the film reel back and forth - this is nice and simple; the more traditional method is to attach a lid to the tank and turn it upside down and back upright for each agitation step. The disadvantage of this is that there is much greater potential for spillage, and also you need to take the tank out of the water bath.

Continue to agitate the first developer according to the instructions - with the Tetenal kit, that means one agitation every 15 seconds. Take a note of the length of time you need to develop for - again, check the chemistry kit instructions; the Tetenal first developer specifies 6 minutes.

Just before the first developer time is up, pour the developer out of the tank and back into the bottle.

 

At exactly the first developer time (e.g. 6 minutes) start to wash; either pour water at the appropriate temperature into the tank and agitate thoroughly, or place the entire tank under running water of the correct temperature. You will need to wash for around 2 and a half minutes or more.

Repeat this process, for the colour developer (another 6 minutes, followed by 2 and a half minutes wash) and then BLIX (6 minutes, followed by 4 minutes wash, or longer if you do not use stabiliser.)

Finally, rinse the film for a minute using the stabiliser solution (if provided.) It is safe to remove the light-tight funnel from the developing tank at this point.

5. Dry Your Film

Take the reel with the film on out of the developing tank, and shake off any excess water. Remove the film from the reel - taking the free end of the film, squeeze the edges of the film together to make an 'arch'; this will cause the film to disengage from the spiral thread, and the film should pull off the spiral easily. In any event, take care not to damage the film or sprocket holes - the film emulsion is very soft and vulnerable at this point.

Hang the film to dry in an appropriate dust-free place! You can use specialist film clips to hang the film, or at a push use bulldog clips or even clothespegs. It will be helpful to hang a small weight from the bottom end of the film to ensure it dries straight (dedicated film drying clips typically come as a pair, with one of the pair of clips weighted for this purpose.)

Finally, you can admire your handiwork! You will probably notice that the slides have a somewhat 'milky' appearance and are not as clear as you would expect - don't panic! This is normal; as the film dries, it will clear leaving behind your slides in all their glory! You should let the film dry for at least a couple of hours before you handle it - either cutting into strips of 6 frames for a negative file, or mounting into slide mounts - I usually let it dry overnight.

That's all Folks!

And that, as they say, is that. It's a lot simpler to do it than to write about it, so I recommend you have a go. Pulling the developed roll off the reel is incredibly satisfying - and it helps that you're saving money as well!

I hope this has been useful, I'm sure there is plenty more to add, and if you have any feedback/corrections/advice, please feel free to get in touch - This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..

Oh, feel free to take a look at my photos on Flickr as well - you can see them here! Any of the photos tagged 'colour reversal' or 'E6' will have been developed using exactly this process.

Additional Information

For answers to some of the questions I've been asked about this article: FAQs About E6 Development.

People in this conversation

  • Rich Marton
  • John Clarke
  • mel
  • kristopher
  • Patrick
  • David Lloyd
  • TimHall
  • Tim
  • Alex

Comments (11)

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  • Guest (Tim)

    In reply to: Guest (Alex)

    Hi Alex, glad you found it helpful!

    Yes, as long as all your films are shot at their rated speed, you can process multiple films at the same time - i.e. if you have a roll of (say) Velvia 50 shot at ISO50, and a roll of E100VS shot at ISO100, you could develop them both together.

    If you wanted to 'push' or 'pull' a roll of film (shoot it at a higher or lower speed than it's rated at and then compensate in developing by either developing it for longer/shorter,) you'd want to do that separately (unless you want to push or pull all the rolls the same amount.)

    I hope that made sense!!!

    Reply

  • Guest (TimHall)

    Dear Tim,
    Thanks for the very useful and practical advice. Having recently found two rolls of Fuji Velvia 50 RVP 120, and afraid to use it because of development costs, I will have a go myself using your advice. Although I have done quite a lot of B/W, I have always avoided colour, but slides maybe easy enough. Wish me luck as I put my old Flexaret to good use.
    If it feels good do it, and do it now!
    Tim Hall

    Reply

  • Guest (David Lloyd)

    Hi Tim,

    I found your article on developing colour slide film very useful but I am a bit puzzled about one point of the process. Years ago my father developed his own colour slide film and I had a go myself in the early 1980's and after the first developer and fix we had to remove the film from the tank and run a light bulb up and down the film for so long as part of the reversal process. I appreciate things have moved on in chemisty and 6 or 7 chemicals have been reduced to a 3 bath process but I don't see how the light process could be replaced. Its not mentioned in the Tetenal instructions either and I would just like this to be clarified before I go ahead and ruin my rolls of Fuji 120 colour slide film.

    Thank you for your help,

    Regards,

    David Lloyd

    Reply

  • Guest (Tim)

    In reply to: Guest (David Lloyd)

    Well! This is embarrasing. It seems I have managed to not notice a comment posted 5 months ago… I hope David found his answer another way, and my apologies for not replying.

    For the record though, in case anyone else is wondering the same thing: Yes, in the old colour slide processes after the first developer, the film had to be exposed to light to 'reverse' the film - the parts of the film not developed by the first developer are exposed to light, and then the next development stage can develop these parts (the reverse of the negative, i.e. the positive image.)

    In the E6 process, this step still happens - but a chemical is used instead of light. This is the "Reversal Bath" step of the process. If you want, you can not use the chemical reversal bath and can instead expose the film to light the old fashioned way, between the first developer and the colour developer - but it's a lot more hassle :-).

    Reply

  • Guest (Patrick)

    In reply to: Guest (David Lloyd)

    Hello David,

    I was just reading this article to see how I might improve the precision of my own process, and I came across your comment. The light bulb thing can still be done on modern e6 films if you remove the reversal bath from the process. There is some specification in the number of footcandle-seconds to which the film should be exposed, and this effectively does the same thing as the reversal bath. The reversal bath is contained in the "color developer" step. The less convenient version of E6 processing involves 6 steps, which, I imagine, seperates out the reversal bath step into its own thing.

    I hope this helps!

    Reply

  • Guest (kristopher)

    I love this post - thanks for spreading the word that developing film yourself is not difficult and is sooooo gratifying. What a wonderful medium we have in film!

    Reply

  • Guest (mel)

    should i use just fingers or rubber squeegee or nothing at all after the last wash?

    Reply

  • Guest (Tim)

    In reply to: Guest (mel)

    The final stabiliser wash includes a rinse-aid that helps the water run off the film, so I prefer to just let the film hang to dry without using any squeegee or similar which could damage the slides.

    Reply

  • Guest (John Clarke)

    If anyone has a piece of E-6, which has NOT been exposed, but IS developed. I would like to get my hands on it. I only need about 3" for an experiment I'm doing. I've been told that it can be used as an infrared filter, in place of a very expensive commercial one.
    Thanks,
    ...... john

    Reply

  • Guest (Rich Marton)

    It's been 40+ years since I've processed my own B&W film making contact prints and enlargements. I still have a Honeywell Pextax with normal, wide angle and telephoto lenses and a macro adapter. I'm reading now that Kodak Ektachrome film is coming back. Announced at the 2017 CES in Las Vegas "The new Ektachrome will be available in 35mm and will hit store shelves in the 4th quarter of 2017". Your article has made think about trying to process my own film again. Thanks for that.

    Reply

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